![]() Per default, it seems as if changing the volume in an application sets the global system volume to that level instead of only affecting the respective application. ![]() Volume gets louder every time a new application is started etc/pulse/nf or ~/.config/pulse/nf flat-volumes = noĪnd then restarting PulseAudio by executing If this is found to be inconvenient, asinine, or otherwise undesireable, relative volumes can be enabled by disabling flat volumes in the PulseAudio daemon's configuration file: This is because PulseAudio uses flat volumes by default, instead of relative volumes, relative to an absolute master volume. Per-application volumes change when the Master volume is adjusted Try using larger values when changing volume (e.g. If the volume does not appear to increment/decrement properly using alsamixer or amixer, it may be due to PulseAudio having a larger number of increments (65537 to be exact). Volume adjustment does not work properlyĬheck /usr/share/alsa-card-profile/mixer/paths/. If it is still absent, verify that other applications show up as sink inputs. Note: If pacmd reports 0 sink input(s), double-check that the application is playing audio. If the volume needs adjusting, it can be set to 100% by: If the sink is muted, it can be unmuted by: Ensure sane settings are present, specifically those of muted and volume. The properties: application.name and, among others, should help here. With the offending application playing audio, run:įind and make note of the index of the corresponding sink input. If a specific application is muted or low while all else seems to be in order, it may be due to individual sink-input settings. This will cause amixer to ask PulseAudio to do the toggling rather than toggling it directly.īecause of this, PulseAudio will correctly unmute Master as well as any applicable output. To resolve this, amixer must have the device flag set to 'pulse': 'Headphone' and 'Speaker'), using plain amixer to toggle Master can trigger PulseAudio to mute the active output too, but it does not necessarily unmute it when Master is toggled back to be unmuted. Output stuck muted while Master is toggled If it displays a low percentage value, you can run pamixer -i 10 several times to turn up the volume gradually. If the output says muted, run pamixer -u to unmute. To troubleshoot via CLI only, install pamixer and check the output of the following command: Install pavucontrol and check if there is any output on the pavucontrol panel when playing a. One possible cause of no sound after install is that PulseAudio detects the wrong output device as a default. Whenever that’s the case, the other party could potentially be an adversary, and use technology like this to determine what other people on the call are typing.Note: alsamixer will not tell you which output device is set as the default. In that scenario, there’s not always mutual trust. “That might be politicians or commercial rivals having a teleconference, for example. “Sometimes you’re talking to a party you don’t necessarily trust completely,” he said. But as Tsudik pointed out, there are scenarios in which it could. ![]() The fact that services like Skype are encrypted, and therefore it is virtually impossible for unwanted outsiders to gain access to a call, means potential attacks like this are unlikely to be widespread. Using some smart machine learning tools, the resulting study discovered that if attackers have some advance knowledge - such as information about the keyboard a person is using - they can establish which key is being pressed at any time with an accuracy of 91.7 percent.Įven if they have no information about a person’s typing style or keyboard, there is still a 41.89 percent chance of identifying which keys are being pressed - partially due to to the fact that English has a well-known frequency distribution of letters. “Since I was hearing the typing sounds loud and clear over Skype, I thought it may be possible to do the same thing in that setting.” “There’s been prior research showing that if you place a microphone directly next to someone’s keyboard to record the sound of the keystrokes, you can distinguish the different keystrokes, and reconstruct what someone is typing,” he continued. ![]() Eventually it got to the point where I said, ‘Whoever is doing that needs to stop it, because it’s causing all kinds of interference.’”Īs Tsudik spoke, however, he immediately had another thought: ‘I wonder if I could work out what that person is writing?’ “In the background, you could hear someone typing away. ![]() “Around 16 months ago, I was on a Skype conference call with some colleagues,” Gene Tsudik, Chancellor’s Professor of computer science at UCI, told Digital Trends. ![]()
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